Monday, January 19, 2015

AMERICAN INDIANS DO NOT HAVE FREEDOM OF RELIGION

THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION SUPPOSEDLY GUARANTEES THE RIGHT OF EVERY AMERICAN TO PRACTICE FREELY THE RELIGION EACH CHOOSES.
THIS SEEMS TO APPLY TO CHRISTIANS, JEWS, MUSLIMS, EVERYONE EXCEPT THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS, THE "CONQUERED TRIBES" OF AMERICA.

ALTHOUGH A JOINT RESOLUTION OF THE 95th CONGRESS CREATED THE "AMERICAN INDIAN RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT" IN 1978, IT HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE A HOLLOW ACT, ONE THAT HAS FAILED THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF 'AMERICA' AND HAS DONE LITTLE TO NOTHING TO RESTORE TO THE RIGHTFUL INHABITANTS OF THE "U.S.A." THEIR FREEDOM TO "WORSHIP AS THEY SEE FIT".

YOU WILL BE HARD-PRESSED TO FIND ANY OTHER "RELIGIOUS GROUP" ON AMERICAN SOIL THAT IS AS RESTRICTED AND AS UN-FREE TO PRACTICE THEIR CHOSEN "RELIGION" AS THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE HERE.

 The American Indian Religious Freedom Act, Public Law No. 95-341, 92 Stat. 469 (Aug. 11, 1978) (commonly abbreviated to AIRFA), codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1996, is a United States federal law, enacted by joint resolution of the Congress in 1978.

It was enacted to protect and preserve the traditional religious rights and cultural practices of American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, and Native Hawaiians.

These rights include, but are not limited to, access to sacred sites, freedom to worship through ceremonial and traditional rights, and use and possession of objects considered sacred.

The act acknowledged prior federal infringement on the right of freedom of religion for American Indians by denying them their First Amendment right of "free exercise" of religion.

MAYBE PART OF THE PROBLEM STARTS WITH THE TERM "AMERICAN INDIAN"?

1st~ THIS IS NOT INDIA, BUT THE MISNOMER "INDIANS" WAS APPLIED BY A LOST SAILOR WHO HAD PROBLEMS WITH BOTH NAVIGATION AND GEOGRAPHY.
The name stuck. 

FEW INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, if they are honest, appreciate being called "INDIANS".
Tribes had their OWN names for themselves, unique names, in one of the ORIGINAL LANGUAGES of this continent....before the boats came.
WHAT'S WRONG WITH USING THOSE ORIGINAL NAMES?
Congress has and has always had, access to ALL the original names of the MANY Tribes. Why NOT use those when they passed this resolution, all those worthless, broken treaties, and addressed the federal governments relationship to the Tribes?

More importantly, to ME, is the very fact that the federal government insists on continuing to lump ALL Tribes, ALL Indigenous People under the misnomer, "American Indians".

Is it a trick so that they can NEGATE every treaty, every "law", everything that applies to their dealings with Indigenous Tribes?

After all, if I made a pact with, say, "Bartholomew Antiochus", who did not exist, but was in fact "John Smith", that pact would be totally worthless TO JOHN , would it not? 

CAN YOU SEE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THAT?

WE KNOW THAT THERE ARE, INDEED, INDIANS IN AMERICA TODAY...BUT ALL OF THEM HAVE ANCESTRAL LINEAGE TO....INDIA...WHICH IS NOT ON THIS CONTINENT!

2nd~ "AMERICAN"?
THIS WAS NEVER CALLED "AMERICA" IN PRE-EUROPEAN INVASION DAYS!
Again, each INDIGENOUS NATION, OR TRIBE' HAD ITS OWN NAME FOR WHERE THEY LIVED.
WHERE THE HELL WAS "AMERICA"?

Turns out "America" (Amerigo, actually) was a porn-loving Italian guy, a mapmaker and, later, a writer of the hottest-selling book of pornographic drawings in Europe!

NOBODY ASKED THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IF THEY WANTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN ITALIAN MAPMAKER!
If white people are happy being called that, fine, but the Original People NEVER got that choice.
If they HAD, I'm certain that they would have elected to be called what they had always called themselves!
And in their own languages, thanks!

THEIR WAS NOT ONE "AMERICAN" ON THIS SIDE OF THE ATLANTIC/PACIFIC IN 1491!
NOR IN 1591....ETC.
AMERICA AS A TRUE NATION REALLY DID NOT EXIST UNTIL 1787, ACTUALLY.

HOW CAN ANY CONGRESS GRANT FREEDOM OF RELIGION TO A GROUP OF MISNAMED PEOPLE?

WELL, IT TURNS OUT THEY MUST HAVE NOT BEEN SERIOUS ABOUT THAT.
TURNS OUT "INDIANS" WERE NOT REALLY "GIVEN BACK THEIR FREEDOM TO PRACTICE THEIR NATIVE RELIGIONS".

DEAR CONGRESS, AND OFFSPRING OF THAT MAYFLOWER BUNCH,
"INDIANS" DON'T HAVE WHAT YOU CALL A "RELIGION"!
FROM ONE TRIBE TO ANOTHER, SPIRITUALITY, RITUALS, CEREMONIES VARY GREATLY, NO TWO BEING THE SAME!
SO WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS A HOLLOW "RESOLUTION" GRANTED BY CONGRESS THAT IS WRONG ON 3 COUNTS:
1~ NO SUCH THING AS "INDIANS" HERE UNTIL WHITES ACCEPTED THE TERM AND NEVER STOPPED APPLYING IT, EVEN AFTER THEY FIGURED OUT THIS IS NOT INDIA.

2~ INDIGENOUS PEOPLE NEVER CALLED THIS PLACE "AMERICA" UNTIL WHITES INSISTED THAT'S WHAT IT IS.

3~ INDIGENOUS TRIBES DON'T HAVE "RELIGIONS".
WHAT YOU MAY SEE AS A "RELIGION" IS ACTUALLY A WAY OF LIFE!
IT INVOLVES SACRED CEREMONIES,
IT VARIES MUCH FROM TRIBE-TO-TRIBE.
CONGRESS HAS NO CONCEPT OF WHAT IT REALLY IS.

WRONG ON 3 COUNTS!

BUT, AS I SAID, CONGRESS HAD, APPARENTLY, NEVER INTENDED TO UPHOLD OR ENFORCE THIS "ACT"...BECAUSE THEY HAVEN'T.

SUPPOSEDLY, the Act required policies of all governmental agencies to eliminate interference with the free exercise of Native American religion, based on the First Amendment, and to accommodate access to and use of religious sites to the extent that the use is practicable and is not inconsistent with an agency's essential functions.
 It also acknowledges the prior violation of that right.

I ASSURE YOU, INTERFERENCE IS STILL RAMPANT!
INTERFERENCE, IN FACT, IS THE ORDER OF THE DAY, EVERY DAY!

A MAJOR PART OF THE INTERFERENCE COMES IN THIS:
THE SACRED SITES OF THE INDIGENOUS TRIBES HAVE BEEN ERASED, TERMINATED, TURNED INTO THINGS LIKE PARKING LOTS, MOUNT RUSHMORE, SUBDIVISIONS, INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS, NATIONAL PARKS, STATE PARKS, OR HAVE BEEN FLOODED OUT OF EXISTENCE BY "TVA" OR CORPS OF ENGINEERS PROJECTS.
MANY, MANY ARE GONE!
GONE FOREVER!

HOW CAN PEOPLE "WORSHIP" WHEN THEIR "CHURCHES" HAVE BEEN RAZED, WHEN THEIR "ALTARS" HAVE BECOME HAMBURGER JOINTS, PIZZA PARLORS, ETC?

HOW CAN PEOPLE WORSHIP WHEN EVEN THE VOICES THEY USE TO WORSHIP VIOLATE "NOISE ORDINANCES",  SO CANNOT BE USED TO "WORSHIP"? 

HOW CAN PEOPLE WORSHIP WHEN OTHERS HAVE LAWS THAT PREVENT THEM FROM GATHERING FREELY WHAT THEY NEED TO HAVE THEIR CEREMONIES,
WHEN ANOTHER GROUP OF PEOPLE HAVE RULED THAT SOME OF THOSE THINGS ARE "ILLEGAL", "ILLICIT DRUGS", "DISTURBING" AND FORBID THEIR USE?

THERE IS INTERFERENCE, BUT WHEN A TRIBE ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE THE INTERFERENCE, THEY USUALLY LOSE.
THE AMERICAN COURTS SELDOM RULE IN FAVOR OF THE "SAVAGES", THE "INDIANS".

"Due to the complex nature of American Indian religious beliefs, American Indian religions have often been at odds with existing federal laws and government policies. 

There have been three general areas of conflict. 
 Firstly, American Indians did not have access to a number of sacred places that the tribes had traditionally used in religious ceremonies. Native American religious practices often came into conflict with the idea that American public lands exist for the use and benefit of the American people. The results of the passage of the Indian Removal Act and the General Allotment Act were the displacement of hundreds of tribes, including the Five Civilized Tribes of the southeastern United States, and the forced assimilation of Native American families into agricultural settler societies.

 The second conflict is the possession by tribal members of ceremonial items that are restricted under United States law, such as eagle feathers or bones (under laws to protect threatened species), or peyote, a ritual drug and restricted substance. The conflict lies in the fact that items such as peyote are integral parts of ceremonies practiced by members of churches such as the Native American Church. 
The importance of eagle bones for use in traditional religious ceremonies has been repeatedly cited in cases involving Indian claims on hunting and fishing rights to allow tribal member to hunt for eagles.
 The third general area of conflict was an issue of PHYSICAL interference. 
Sacred ceremonies were sometimes subject to interference from overzealous officials or curious onlookers.

Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988) is a landmark case in the Supreme Court's decisions affecting Native American religion under the AIRFA. 

The bureaucratic decisions to alter land sites implemented by the Court on this case, constitute invasions of tribal self-understanding. 
This case helped to prove that the dissipation of tribal identity is the consequence of land desecration.
The fact that land desecration is allowed to happen so easily is a result of the absence of enforcement and stability within the terms of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act.

The Theodoratus Report was a comprehensive study prompted by the American Indian Religious Freedom Act during Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association and conducted by the United States Forest Service in order to evaluate policies and procedures to protect Native American religious cultural rights and practices.
This study was completed in April 1979, ONE YEAR AFTER AIRFA WAS PASSED, and was titled "Cultural Resources of the Chimney Rock Section, Gasquet-Orleans Road, Six Rivers National Forest" and was written by Dr. Dorothea J. Theodoratus, Dr. Joseph L. Chartkoff, and Ms. Kerry K. Chartkoff.
 It was a compilation of ethnographic, archaeological and historical data that ABSOLUTELY identified the culture contained in the area that the Forest Service proposed to be the site of the Chimney Rock Section of the Gasquet-Orleans Road WHICH KEPT THE TRIBES FROM THEIR "FREEDOM TO WORSHIP". 

This culture ,THE REPORT FOUND, belonged RIGHTFULLY to the Yurok, Karok, and Tolowa peoples.

This case's decision states that tribes have NO First Amendment right of religious freedom that can halt federal land management of public lands that contain sacred tribal spaces. 
THE DECISION OF THE COURT NEGATED THE "FREEDOM TO WORSHIP" OF "AMERICAN INDIANS".

It became the standing precedent that threatens the survival of ALL traditional Native American communities whose sacred lands, by the fault of the government's history of Indian affairs, are on public land rather than on reservations. 

The Supreme Court advocated its decision to refuse the countenance of the religious valuation of land as representing its responsibility towards enforcing the First Amendment rights of the Native American plaintiff.

LOOKS LIKE THE "INDIAN" WARS ARE NOT OVER!
BUT IT DOESN'T STOP THERE!

Peyote is illegal in the United States and is classified as a Schedule One Drug.

PEYOTE, LIKE HEMP/MARIJUANA, TOBACCO, AND SEVERAL OTHER THINGS, WAS COMMONLY USED BY SOME INDIGENOUS TRIBES IN CEREMONY....UNTIL THE BOATS ARRIVED AND "RESERVATIONS" WERE MADE FOR THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS FAR AWAY FROM THEIR SOURCES OF SUCH THINGS. 

In Employment Division v. Smith (1990), the Court AGAIN ruled against the Native American Church, DENYING its constitutional rights. 

Alfred Smith, a n Indigenous Tribesman who had been born on the Klamath Reservation in Oregon, was fired from his job at an agency in Roseburg, Oregon. 
His termination was based on his attendance at ceremonies of the Native American Church, which uses peyote as a sacrament. 
Because it is a restricted substance under drug laws, Smith was fired for his use of it. 

Another member of the N.A.C. was also fired from the agency for the same reason. 

When denied unemployment compensation, Smith and his co-worker challenged the grounds of their terminations. Smith took his case to the Oregon courts, which ruled in his favor of protected use of peyote under the free-exercise clause of AIRFA.
The U.S. Supreme Court reviewed the case, and OVERTURNED the Oregon court ruling.

The Supreme Court stated that they could in fact be denied unemployment benefits because by using peyote they were in violation of STATE criminal law.

NOW, THE SUPREME COURT SURELY KNEW THE "SUPREMACY CLAUSE" OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION WHICH COULD HAVE BEEN USED IN THIS INSTANCE SINCE THE U.S. GOVERNMENT HAD GRANTED THE TRIBES THE RIGHT TO "WORSHIP AS THEY SEE FIT" IN 1978.
AIRPA, A FEDERAL ACT, WOULD HAVE NEGATED THE STATE LAW.

 The Smith decision prompted the development of the Native American Religious Freedom Project which involved and concerned almost every Native American tribe in the country. The case was taken up with Congress, and in 1993 the Religious Freedom Restoration Act was passed, and by 1994 the American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments were passed as Public Law 103-344. 
The Amendments restored the constitutional rights of the Native American Church.

RESTORED?
WHEN THE CASE WENT TO THE SUPREME COURT, THE AIRPA AT THAT TIME GUARANTEED THIS RIGHT! THE ACT WAS NEVER RESCINDED!
THE SUPREME COURT SIMPLY HATED "INDIANS", OBVIOUSLY TO ME!

THE ACT IS NOT WORTH MUCH, IS IT?
The American Indian Religious Freedom Act IS VALID, HAS BEEN SINCE 1978.
THE HIGHEST COURT IN THE NATION SIMPLY REFUSED, ON MORE THAN ONE OCCASION to ENFORCE IT!

 AIRPA DOES NOT provide religious freedom without condition. 

The act served MERELY AND LAMELY as only a HOLLOW resolution, NOT AS AN ACTUAL LAW.
 Its ABJECT FAILURE to protect certain sacred sites, use of ceremonial items and substances, free access to "worship" sites CONTINUES to prove detrimental to Indigenous Tribes' culture and their spiritual practices as a whole.
IT LOOKS LIKE A MOCKERY TO ME!
IT LOOKS LIKE A CARROT DANGLING BEFORE A HORSE'S FACE TO MAKE IT WORK.
THE ORIGINAL PEOPLE CANNOT COUNT ON HAVING THE SAME FREEDOM OF WORSHIP THAT ALL OTHERS IN AMERICA ENJOY!

THEIR CHOICE OF "RELIGION" DOES NOT SUIT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OR SUPREME COURT'S DEFINITION OF "THE RIGHT OF ALL TO WORSHIP AS THEY SEE FIT".
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE THE INDIGENOUS NATIONS "WARDS OF THE STATE" AND THEN DENIED THEM THE RIGHT THAT ALL OTHER PEOPLE HAVE HERE TODAY.

TRIBAL PEOPLE CAN ONLY WORSHIP AS IT SUITS THEIR CONQUERORS.
IN 2011, AT WHAT IS NOW CALLED WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK, A GROUP OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE MET TO ENACT SACRED CEREMONY.
THEY WERE MET BY ARMED FEDERAL RANGERS, WHAT APPEARED TO BE A S.W.A.T. TEAM.
RUSSEL MEANS WAS IN THAT GROUP AND REPORTED THAT THE AREA WAS ROPED OFF WITH FENCE AROUND IT.
THE "SAVAGES" WERE BEING SUBDUED ONCE AGAIN!
THE "CAVALRY" HAD BEEN CALLED IN! 

KNOWING THEIR RIGHTS, THE GROUP MOVED IN, SET UP CAMP, AND STAYED THERE TO COMPLETE THEIR CEREMONY...WHICH TOOK 5 DAYS.

IMAGINE MEETING SUCH A FORCE EVERY TIME YOU TRY TO GO TO CHURCH!
CAN YOU IMAGINE THAT?  

SINCE THE LATE 1700s, ALL OTHER PEOPLE OF AMERICA HAVE HAD FREEDOM TO WORSHIP AT A CHURCH OR SYNAGOGUE OR MOSQUE OR WHATEVER OF THEIR CHOICE, IN WHATEVER WAY THEY SEE FIT.

NOT THE ORIGINAL PEOPLE!
NOT THE "INDIANS"!

FIRST, THEY HAVE TO PROVE THEY ARE "INDIANS" BEFORE THEY CAN "LEGALLY" USE CERTAIN ITEMS IN CEREMONY...LIKE PEYOTE.!
THEY ARE REQUIRED TO PROVE THEIR ANCESTRY BY SOME WHITE-CREATED "PAPER TRAIL", LIKE PURE-BRED DOGS WITH "PAPERS" , WITH "PEDIGREES". 

THEY ARE THE ONLY PEOPLE IN AMERICA WHO HAVE TO APPLY "BLOOD QUANTUM" TO DETERMINE IF THEY QUALIFY TO "BE" AN "INDIAN"!

SECONDLY, SOME CEREMONY IS ONLY OPEN TO "BONAFIDE TRIBAL MEMBERS"....THEY MUST BE "REGISTERED" IN THE TRIBE.

ARE YOU A REGISTERED ANGLO-SAXON?
A REGISTERED AFRICAN-AMERICAN MAYBE?
A REGISTERED ASIAN-AMERICAN?
IS YOUR RACE FORCED TO PROVE ITSELF, OR BE REGISTERED?

DOES YOUR RACE REQUIRE YOU TO PROVE YOU HAVE THE SUFFICIENT "BQ" (BLOOD QUANTUM) TO CALL YOURSELF BY YOUR RACE'S NAME?
DID YOU HAVE TO REGISTER INTO YOUR RACE, OR INTO YOUR CLAN?

HOW WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE TO PROVE YOU'RE WHO YOU SAY YOU ARE BEFORE YOU COULD RECEIVE SACRAMENTS, SAY A PRAYER, SING A HYMN?

"AMERICAN INDIANS", NOT SO LONG AGO, WERE SHOT, WERE JAILED, WERE CARTED AWAY FOR PERFORMING A SUN DANCE, A GHOST DANCE, FOR RAISING SWEAT LODGES, FOR USING PEYOTE, FOR WORSHIPING AS THEY SAW FIT!

HOW ABOUT YOU, YOUR FAMILY, YOUR RACE?
NO?
THEN YOU MUST BE AMONG THE "BLESSED", THOSE FREE TO CHOOSE AND PRACTICE WHATEVER RELIGION YOU WANT.

OF THE FIRST 12 CASES BROUGHT BEFORE AMERICAN COURTS TO ENFORCE THE AMERICAN INDIAN RELIGIOUS FREEDOM  ACT, "INDIANS" LOST ALL 12!

JUST LIKE THE HUNDREDS OF BROKEN TREATIES, THE PROMISES OF THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT TO "TAKE CARE OF ITS RED CHILDREN", THEY LIED!

THEY LIED AGAIN!

MEANS REPORTED ON THE ENCOUNTER IN 2011 WITH THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AT WIND CAVE:
"Two weeks ago, we had to remind the National Park Service (NPS) that we have been engaging in our ceremonies long before there was a NPS. When the NPS said that we were subject to the restrictions of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act, we reminded them that we, and our ceremonies, are part of the living archaeology of the region.

At one point, while the ceremony was in progress, the rangers entered the camp and began to give orders about how the camp was to be organized. I challenged them to arrest us. We were willing and able to assert our natural rights, our treaty rights, and our statutory rights before a federal judge.

At the same time that we were asserting our rights at Wind Cave, a gang of thugs, known as the U.S. Supreme Court, was handing down its recent decision in U.S. v. Jicarilla Apache Nation. The main part of the opinion was bad enough, saying that the U.S. could engage in conflict of interest in administering Indian trust assets, and the U.S. does not have to disclose its bad acts."

THE U.S. SUPREME COURT TODAY, RIGHT NOW, IS CONTINUING THE GOOD OLD AMERICAN TRADITION OF FIGHTING "INDIANS", OF "PUTTING THE SAVAGES IN THEIR PLACE".

THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, RIGHT NOW, TODAY, IS STILL SHOWING INDIGENOUS TRIBES "WHO'S THE BOSS".

THE "TRUST RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND INDIAN TRIBES" IS, AS MEANS AND MANY OTHERS HAVE SAID, A SHAM!
IT'S A BLOOD-DRIPPING LIE!

"INDIAN TRIBES" WERE DECLARED TO BE "SOVEREIGN NATIONS", BUT THE ONLY THING SOVEREIGN WHEN IT COMES DOWN TO DEALING WITH THE ORIGINAL PEOPLE HERE IS THE INTERESTS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
THAT USUALLY MEANS MONETARY PROFITS FOR THE FEDS.

CONSTANT, ONGOING, NEWS-MAKING MISMANAGEMENT OF "INDIAN TRUST FUNDS", MISSING BILLIONS OF DOLLARS, THIS ALONE SHOULD SHOW HOW CARING, HOW PROTECTIVE THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS OF ITS "RED CHILDREN".

THAT THE "CARETAKERS" OF NATIVE TRIBES CAN AND DO LEASE OUT "INDIAN" LANDS FOR 99 YEARS TO RANCHERS, MINING COMPANIES, OR USE THOSE LANDS AS NUCLEAR WASTE DUMPS, TRADE THOSE LANDS LIKE BASEBALL CARDS, ALL AGAINST THE WILL OF THE NATIVE PEOPLE, THIS SHOULD SHOW THE WORLD WHAT CHANCE "INDIANS" HAVE OF EVER ESCAPING THE GRIPS OF THE CONQUERORS, OF BECOMING "EQUALS UNDER THE LAW".

LOOKS LIKE THAT CONSTITUTION WAS NOT WRITTEN FOR THE "RED MAN", DOESN'T IT?

WHAT CHANCE, GIVEN THIS, DO YOU THINK "INDIANS" WILL EVER HAVE TO GO BACK TO THEIR TRADITIONAL WAYS OF LIFE, TO "WORSHIP FREELY", TO LIVE LIKE EVERYONE ELSE HERE IN "AMERICA"?

THE WAR CONTINUES.
IT NEVER ENDED.
"INDIANS" ARE STILL UNDER THE GUN!



SOURCES OF QUOTES, ETC
~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Religious_Freedom_Act
  1.  Cornell.edu. from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved July 29, 2006.
  2. Jump up^ United States (2013). Indian Sacred Sites: Balancing Protection Issues with Federal Management. America in the 21st century : political and economic issues. Christopher N. Griffiths (ed.). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.ISBN 1628082844.
  3. Jump up^ Canby, John C. Jr. American Indian Law in A Nutshell. West Publishing Company, 1988. Pg. 339, 340.
  4. Jump up^ Christopher Vacsey, Handbook of American Indian Religious Freedom (New York: Crossroad Press, 1991).
  5. Jump up^ Getches, David, Wilkinson, Charles F., Williams, Robert A. Jr. Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law, Fifth Edition. West Group, 1998. Pg. 764.
  6. Jump up^ Enumeration of areas of conflict from Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians, volume 2 (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 1127.
  7. Jump up^ skc.edu.on April 30, 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2006.
  8. Jump up^ doe.gov. 
  9. Jump up^ presidency.ucsb.edu.Retrieved August 1, 2006.
  10. Jump up^ ntis.gov.From the original on 6 September 2006. Retrieved July 29, 2006.
  11. Jump up^ Utter, Jack. "American Indians: Answers to Today's Question, Second Edition." University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. Pg. 157, 158.
  12. Jump up to:a b Brown, Brian Edward. Religion, Law, and the Land: Native Americans and the Judicial Interpretations of Sacred Land. Greenwood Press, 1999. pp. 6, 7.
  13. Jump up^ Duthu, N. Bruce. American Indians and the Law, The Penguin Group, 2008. P. 110.
  14. Jump up^ Brown, Brian Edward. Religion, Law, and the Land: Native Americans and the Judicial Interpretations of Sacred Land. Greenwood Press, 1999. Pg 125
  15. Jump up^ Brown, Brian Edward. Religion, Law, and the Land: Native Americans and the Judicial Interpretations of Sacred Land. Greenwood Press, 1999. Pg. 126
  16. Jump up^ Brown, Brian Edward. Religion, Law, and the Land: Native Americans and the Judicial Interpretations of Sacred Land. Greenwood Press, 1999. P. 129
  17. Jump up^ Brown (1999) Religion, Law, and the Land, p. 172
  18. Jump up^ Smith, Huston. Why Religion Matters: The Fate of the Human Spirit In An Age of Disbelief. Harper Collins, 2001. P. 124.
  19. Jump up^ Smith (2001), Why Religion Matters, p. 125
  20. Jump up^ Kahn, Paul W. "Putting Liberalism In Its Place." Princeton University Press, 2005. P. 76
  21. Jump up^ Smith, Huston. "Why Religion Matters: The Fate of the Human Spirit In An Age of Disbelief." Harper Collins, 2001. pp 126, 127.
  22. Jump up to:a b Brown, Brian Edward. "Religion, Law, and the Land: Native Americans and the Judicial Interpretations of Sacred Land." Greenwood Press, 1999. Pg.172
  23. Jump up^ H.R. 4155, 103 D Cong., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington:1994 Congressional Record 3 (1994) (enacted). Print.
  24. Jump up^ 103rd Congress, H.R. 4155, Library of Congress website retrieved 2012-09-15
  25. Jump up^ H.R. 4230, 103 D Cong., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington:1994 Congressional Record 10 (1994) (enacted). Print.
  26. Jump up^ 103rd Congress, H.R. 4155, Library of Congress website Retrieved 2012-09-15

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