The U.S. military has been conducting tests to study the feasibility of infecting populations with mosquito-borne pathogens and has been releasing these very mosquitoes since at least the early 1950s.
INSECT-BORNE BIOWARFARE
Entomological warfare (EW) is a specific type of biological warfare (BW) that uses insects in a direct attack or as vectors to deliver a biological agent, such as plague or cholera. Essentially, EW exists in three varieties.
One type of EW involves infecting insects with a pathogen and then dispersing the insects over target areas. The insects then act as a vector, infecting any person or animal they might bite.
FROM ONE SUCH TEST, THE FOLLOWING VERY CHILLING RESULTS....PLEASE KEEP THIS IN MIND:
"By not being able to keep pace with the disease's rate of spread, a new catastrophic contingency emerges in which massive civilian casualties would overwhelm America's emergency response capabilities.
The disastrous contingencies that would result in the massive loss of civilian life were used to exploit the weaknesses of the U.S. health care infrastructure and its inability to handle such a threat.
The contingencies were also meant to address the widespread panic that would emerge and which would result in mass social breakdown and mob violence."
THE ABOVE IS WHAT THE TEST WANTED TO ACHIEVE AND SAW COULD BE ACHIEVED.
WOULDN'T THE SAME RESULTS BE ATTAINED NO MATTER WHAT THE PATHOGEN WAS, IF AMERICANS FELT HIGHLY THREATENED BY IT?
The United States Government Accountability Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, the United States Department of Defense and other national security agencies studied hundreds of thousands of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances.
In 1956 and 1957, the United States Army conducted a number of biological warfare experiments on the cities of Savannah, Georgia, and Avon Park, Florida.
In one such experiment, millions of infected mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) were released into the two cities, in order to see if the insects could spread yellow fever and dengue fever.
Not surprisingly, hundreds of researchers contracted illnesses that included fevers, respiratory problems, stillbirths, encephalitis, and typhoid.
In order to photograph the results of their experiments, Army researchers pretended to be public health workers. Several people died as a result of the research.
~ Operation Big Itch, in 1954, was designed to test munitions loaded with ALLEGEDLY uninfected fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis).
In May 1955 over 300,000 ALLEGEDLY uninfected mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) were dropped over parts of the U.S. state of Georgia to determine if the air-dropped mosquitoes could survive to take meals from humans.
The mosquito tests were known as Operation Big Buzz.
The flea tests were known as Operation Big Itch.
[SEE Kirby, Reid. "Using the flea as weapon", (Web version via findarticles.com), Army Chemical Review, July 2005, accessed December 23, 2008. - [PDF][Archived]
The U.S. engaged in at least two other EW testing programs, Operation Drop Kick and Operation May Day.
~ Operation May Day was a series of entomological warfare (EW) tests conducted by the U.S. military in Savannah, Georgia in 1956.
Operation May Day involved a series of EW tests from April to November 1956. The tests were designed to reveal information about the dispersal of yellow fever mosquitoes in an urban area.
The mosquitoes were released from ground level in Savannah, Georgia and then recovered using traps baited with dry ice.
The operation was detailed in partially declassified U.S. Army report in 1981. ~ Operation Drop Kick dropped 600,000 more mosquitoes over an Air Force base in Florida.
At the time, the military planned to build an insect farm, a facility that could produce 100 million infected mosquitoes per month. Multiple Soviet cities were marked with bull's eyes.
The report is only partially declassified — some information is blacked out, including everything concerning "Drop Kick" — and included "cost per death" calculations.
The cost per death, according to the report, for a vector-borne biological agent achieving a 50% mortality rate in an attack on a city was $0.29 in 1976 dollars. Such an attack was estimated to result in 625,000 deaths.
How much is your life worth?
The United States has also applied entomological warfare
research and tactics in non-combat situations.
~ Operation Bellwether
In 1961, the U.S Army Chemical Corps conducted Operation Bellwether, which essentially involved the field testing of certain entomological vector-agent systems on personnel.
Opsec News located a detailed PDF file for Operation Bellwether I, online. However, the document is listed as secret and does not appear to be declassified.
[MY NOTE: AS OF APRIL OF 2016, THE RELEASE OF INFORMATION FOR 'BELLWETHER I' UNDER FOIA HAS BEEN PARTIALLY DONE. SEE http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/596046.pdf]
~ Operation Magic Sword was U.S. military operation undertaken in 1965.
It was designed to ascertain the effectiveness of releasing mosquito vectors for biological agents at sea.
It took place off the southeastern coast of the United States and employed yellow fever mosquitoes with the hope of assessing their biting habits following an ocean-borne release.
Magic Sword showed that when coupled with ocean winds that the mosquitoes could travel up to three and one-half miles to shore. The operation also showed that, if needed, the mosquitoes could be kept alive for cross-ocean journeys.
"In 1990 the U.S. funded a $6.5
million program designed to research, breed and drop caterpillars. The
caterpillars were to be dropped in Peru on coca fields as
part of the American War on Drugs.
As recently as 2002, U.S. entomological anti-drug efforts at Fort Detrick were focused on finding an insect vector for a virus that affects the opium.
The Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC)
of 1972 does not specifically mention insect vectors in its text. The
language of the treaty, however, does cover vectors. Article I bans
"Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or
toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict." It would
appear, due to the text of the BWC, that insect vectors as an aspect of
entomological warfare are covered and outlawed by the Convention. The
issue is less clear when warfare with insects against crops is
considered.
OR HAVE THEY ALREADY BEEN LOOSED?
ARE WE TO IMAGINE THAT ALL MOSQUITOES, INSECTS, PATHOGEN-BEARING AGENTS WERE RECOVERED FROM ALL THESE TESTS?
THERE IS NO WAY POSSIBLE THAT THAT HAPPENED!
BELOW ARE ONLY A FEW OF THESE TESTS THAT THE MILITARY HAS ACKNOWLEDGED:
~ Operation Dark Winter was the code name for a senior-level bio-terrorist attack simulation conducted from June 22–23, 2001.
It was designed to carry out a mock version of a covert and widespread smallpox attack on the United States.
Tara O'Toole and Thomas Inglesby of the Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies (CCBS) / Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), and Randy Larsen and Mark DeMier of Analytic Services were the principal designers, authors, and controllers of the Dark Winter project.
Dark Winter was focused on evaluating the inadequacies of a national emergency response during the use of a biological weapon against the American populace.
The exercise was solely intended to establish preventive measures and response strategies by increasing governmental and public awareness of the magnitude and potential of such a threat posed by biological weapons.
Dark Winter's simulated scenario involved a localized smallpox attack on Oklahoma City.
The simulation was then designed to spiral out of control.
This would create a contingency in which the National Security Council struggles to determine both the origin of the attack as well as deal with containing the spreading virus.
By not being able to keep pace with the disease's rate of spread, a new catastrophic contingency emerges in which massive civilian casualties would overwhelm America's emergency response capabilities.
The disastrous contingencies that would result in the massive loss of civilian life were used to exploit the weaknesses of the U.S. health care infrastructure and its inability to handle such a threat.
The contingencies were also meant to address the widespread panic that would emerge and which would result in mass social breakdown and mob violence.
Exploits would also include the many difficulties that the media would face when providing American citizens with the necessary information regarding safety procedures.
[SEE Journal/Issues/Dark Winter -PDF Archived]
~ Operation Dew
Dew I
Operation Dew I consisted of five separate trials from March 26, 1952 until April 21, 1952 that were designed to test the feasibility of maintaining a large aerosol cloud released offshore until it drifted over land, achieving a large area coverage.
The tests released zinc cadmium sulfide along a 100-to-150-nautical-mile (190 to 280 km) line approximately 5 to 10 nautical miles (10 to 20 km) off the coast of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina.
Two of the trials dispersed clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide over large areas of all three U.S. states. The tests affected over 60,000 square miles (150,000 km²) of populated coastal region in the U.S. southeast. The Dew I releases were from a Navy minesweeper, the USS Tercel.
Dew II
Dew II involved the release of fluorescent particles (zinc cadmium sulfide) and plant spores (Lycopodium) from an aircraft.
Dew II was described in a 1953 Army report which remained classified at the time of a 1997 report by the U.S. National Research Council concerning the U.S. Army's zinc cadmium sulfide dispersion program of the 1950s.
~ Operation LAC (Large Area Coverage), was a U.S. Army Chemical Corps operation which dispersed microscopic zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) particles over much of the United States. The purpose was to determine the dispersion and geographic range of biological or chemical agents.
The use of ZnCdS remains controversial and one critic accused the Army of "literally using the country as an experimental laboratory".
There were tests that occurred prior to the first spraying affiliated with Operation LAC.
The Army admitted to spraying in Minnesota locations from 1953 into the mid-1960s.
~ Operation Polka Dot was a field test of the E133 cluster bomb undertaken at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah during the early 1950s.
The operation was detailed in a July 18, 1955 U.S. Army report that also detailed Operation Trouble Maker.
The operation was classified "secret" and involved filling the munitions with the biological agent simulant, Bacillus globigii.
~ Operation Whitecoat
Possible long-term health effects:
The Army has addresses for only 1000 of the 2300 people known to have 'volunteered'. Only about 500 (23%) of the Whitecoats have been surveyed, and the military chose not to fund blood tests.
"A handful of respondents claim to have lingering health effects, and at least one subject claims to have serious health problems as a result of the experiments."
CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS
Soldiers don't sign up to fight deadly viruses and bacteria, but that's what more than 2,300 young Seventh-Day Adventists did when drafted by the U.S. Army.
As conscientious objectors during the Cold War who interpreted the Bible's commandment "Thou shalt not kill" very literally, many volunteered instead to serve as guinea pigs for testing vaccines against biological weapons.
Volunteers recalled being miserable for several days with fever, chills and bone-deep aches from diseases such as Q fever.
We're told none died during the secretive "Operation Whitecoat," which took place at Fort Detrick, Maryland from 1954 to 1973.
~ Project 122 and Project Shad
http://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Environmental-Exposures/Project-112-SHAD
From 1962 to 1974, the Department of Defense's Deseret Test Center in Fort Douglas, Utah planned and conducted a series of biological and chemical warfare vulnerability tests. These tests are known as Project 112 and Project SHAD and consisted of both land-based and sea-based tests at different locations.
Approximately 6,000 U.S. Servicemembers were involved in conducting chemical tests to defend against biological and chemical weapons threats. Most were involved in Project SHAD.
[IF YOU ARE A VETERAN WHO PARTICIPATED IN THIS STUDY, GO TO: http://www.benefits.va.gov/COMPENSATION/claims-postservice-exposures-project_112_shad.asp]
Shipboard Hazard and Defense (SHAD) tests were conducted on the open sea in the North Atlantic, open water locations of the Pacific Ocean and near the Marshall Islands, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the California coast.
Land-based tests took place in Alaska, Hawaii, Maryland, Florida, Utah, Georgia, and in Panama, Canada and the United Kingdom
[Included in these was the "Autumn Gold" test.]
Ray Peck's family in Skull Valley, Utah, were likely hit with low doses of a nerve gas from a Dugway Proving Ground test that accidentally killed 6,000 sheep near their home in 1968. The Pecks lived but "haven't been the same since".
THE DUGWAY "TEST FACILITY", FROM WHICH CAME THE SHEEP-KILL CONTINUES TO HOUSE ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF ANTHRAX, SOMETHING THAT MANY FIND DEEPLY DISTURBING...
“There is a very blurry line between offense and defense when it comes to germ warfare,” said Salt Lake City Dugway watchdog Steve Erickson, director of the Citizens Education Project.
The Army has no legitimate or legal use for thousands of liters of anthrax. Therefore, it must plan to use the agents in open-air testing or is ramping up to produce actual weapons.
YOU SEE, WE JUST DON'T KNOW WHAT'S GOING ON, NOR WHY, NOR IF WE ARE CURRENTLY VICTIMS OF "MILITARY TESTS", OF "GOVERNMENT RESEARCH".
WE DO KNOW THAT THE CDC AND OTHER AGENCIES ARE HELL-BENT AND DETERMINED FOR AMERICA TO HAVE A ZIKA VIRUS 'EPIDEMIC'.
SINCE THE 1950s, THE MOSQUITOES THAT CARRY IT HAVE BEEN HERE, BUT WILL NEW ONES BE RELEASED IN A "NEW STUDY"?
OR HAVE THEY ALREADY BEEN?
WE KNOW THAT GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOSQUITOES ARE NOW IN BRAZIL.
WHY?
HISTORY...IT TEACHES US, IF WE LET IT.
_____________
SOURCES AND FURTHER READING:
~Rose, William H. "An Evaluation of Entomological Warfare as Potential Danger to the United States and European NATO Nations", U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, Dugway Proving Ground, March 1981, via thesmokinggun.com
~Novick, Lloyd and Marr, John S. Public Health Issues Disaster Preparedness, (Google Books), Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2001, p. 89, (ISBN 0-7637-2500-5).
~ pp. 101-104 "'Summary of Major Events and Problems: (Reports Control Syrnbol CSHIS-6) United States Army Chemical Corps, FIscal Year 1959"" (PDF). United States Army Chemical Corps.
~Summary of Major Events and Problems (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6) (Technical report). United States Army Chemical Corps. 1960-01-01.
~ http://noprivatearmy.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-governments-insects-of-war.html
~ http://www.opsecnews.com/entomological-warfare-mosquitos/
Researched agents used by the military:
Facilities used for "research":
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